TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER
- THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONS
Introduction
Literature Review
Statement of Problem
Methodological Concerns
- BRAZILIAN “CIGANOS” / “GYPSIES”
Introduction
Entering the Brazilian Gypsy Communities
The History and Composition of the Calon and the Roma Communities
Of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo
Self-Identification(s): Public and Private
Social Organization – Degrees of Kinship
Gypsy/ Gage Boundary
The Natsia
The Vitsa
Collective Memory – Fragments
Oral Histories
Myths of Origin
(S)language(s) and Issues of Translation
How I Introduce Myself – My Memories
Socioeconomic Niches
The Kumpania
The Kris
Socioeconomic Differences: Localizing Poverty and Wealth
Fortunetelling and Magic: Borderland Performances
Gage Acting as “Spiritual Gypsies”
Conclusion
- HONOR AND SHAME: THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF MAXRIMÉ
Introduction – Honor and Shame versus Guilt (or Its Absence)
Upper-Lower Body Symbolism and Pollution Taboos
Gender and the Social Body
Purity and the Gago/ Gypsy Boundary
Child-raising and Gendered Differences
Education in Public Schools and in the Family
The Marriage Institution – Gender-Specific Expectations
Age Grades and Life Cycles for Women
Chaj Status
Bori Status
Romni Status
Phuri Status
Age Grades and Life Cycles for Men
Chavo Status
Zamutro Status
Rom Status
Phuro Status
Kinship with the Dead – Fear of Ancestors’ Punishment for Dishonor
Funeral Rituals
Murders and Suicides
Ghosts
Fear and Humor
Honor, Dissent and Public Shaming
Dissent from Rules for Marriage and Sexuality: “We can pay the fine”
Techniques of Punishment and Surveillance
Gossip as Social Knowledge and Action
Secrets as Private Knowledge – Ritualizing Dissent
The Social Functions of Silence
The Kris and the National Law
Conclusion
- ACCULTURATION VERSUS ASSIMILATION – WHAT IS A BRAZILIAN GYPSY? AND CAN BRAZILIANS BE GYPSIES TOO?
Factors Contributing to the “Brazilian Gypsy” Subjectivity
Brazil as a Special Space for Ethnic Inclusion
Notions of Race and Color as Determinant Social Factors
Slaves versus Slave-Traders Controversy
Stereotypes of Gypsies: Positive, Neutral and Negative
Gypsy Self-Mythologizing Trends: Passion, Magic, and Fortunetelling
Brazilian Gage and “Spiritual Gypsies”
Memories of Discrimination and Attitudes towards the Brazilian Society
Calons versus Roma Trends in Memory and Self-Identification
Colonial Repression of Calons: Exile to Brazil
European Repression of Roma: the Holocaust
Degrees of Desire for Social Inclusion and Ethnic Anonymity
Public Images of “Gypsy-ness”
The Calons Walk the Streets
Soap Opera: “Explode Coração”
Popularizing the “Queen of the Gypsies”
Music and Dance Groups: “Encanto Cigano”
Music and Dance Reserved for Private Gatherings: Pakiv / Honor
“Fake Gypsy Dancers”: Defending Ethnicity Against Intruders
Gypsy Attitudes towards Brazilian Genres of Music and Dance:
Pagode, Forro, Samba, and Baile-Funk
Religious Trends
Brazilian Religious Syncretism and Magical Beliefs
Inventing the Gypsy Saint Cult: St. Sara Kali
Evangelicals Renounce Slava and Dancing
Pomba Gira Cigana, Condomblé and Umbanda: Gypsy Spirit Possessions
“My Friends Love the Tarot Cards, So Does My Mother”
New Media and Vectors for Change
Orkut and Internet Possibilities for Young Lovers
Anonymity and Visibility: A Voice Without a Face
Internet Links to International Gypsy Networks, Music and Videos
Conclusion
- POLITICAL REPRESENTATION
Political Representation of Gypsies in Brazil
The Roma and the Calons Represented Together
Circulating St. Sara for Political Ends: the Gypsy National Day Internal Politics of Gypsy Representation in Brazil
União Romani versus the Queen: Rio de Janeiro
A.P.R.E.C.I.S.P.: São Paulo
“Fake Gypsies” in Brasilia
“You can be a representative too!”
Orkut Battles for Representation: “In-Between” Gypsies
Citizenship Awareness
Building Cultural Centers: No Romanes in Public Schools
Gypsies at High Political Levels: President Juscelino Kubitschek
Connecting with International Gypsy Communities
Latin American Gypsy Networks
Relatives across the Oceans: North American and European Kin
Receiving Romanian Roma in Brazil
Invitation for the Queen to Come to Romania
Translating Websites into English: A.P.R.E.C.I.S.P
Searching the Internet for Historical Accounts of the Holocaust
The Challenge to Care
“Who cares about the poor Roma in Europe?”
“We are the best gypsies” vs. “We’re not what we used to be”
Moving Towards Altruism and Public Self-Identification
Conclusion
- FURTHER QUESTIONS
Equal Rights and Equal Duties
Education and Language Centers: New Possibilities
Economic Empowerment of Roma Women and Feminist Directions
Recognizing Gay and Lesbian Rights within Gypsy Communities
Coming Out with Gypsy Ethnicity
Performing the Borderline: Politically Correct Gypsies
New Forms of Gypsy Performances: Gypsy Punk and Gogol Bordello
Gypsies in the High Levels of the Music Industry: Madonna’s last tour
Conclusion
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